GMO Annotated Bibliography
Benson, Norm. "Golden Rice, Golden Opportunity." Science 2.0. ION Publications LLC, 3 May 2014. Web. 05 May 2014.
This article is about one man’s personal experience with a child who could not afford to eat more than rice and get the nutrients needed. The author then goes on to explain the condition of a lack of vitamin A and how it can eventually lead to blindness. He then talks about a way for these people to get their vitamin A intake, and that way is through something called Golden Rice. This rice is genetically engineered so that one bowl of this rice will provide 60% of ones needed vitamin A intake.
This was a very interesting article to read. It is biased towards the support of GMOs, but that does not mean that the information is untrue because the modified rice is helping people fight a vitamin A deficiency. The thing is, we do not know if there are any harmful side affects to the modified rice.
Diaz, Julia M. And., Judith L. Fridovich-Kiel. "Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
This source is simply an encyclopedia entry on GMOs. It provided information on what a GMO was, how they are produced, how they are used in agriculture, how they are used in medicine and research, their role in environmental management, and concludes with a paragraph on the politics of GMOs in society, like their benefits and the controversy behind them.
For my paper, I just used the sections that explained what a GMO was and how they are used in agriculture. The first explained that a GMO was an organism altered in a lab and went on to explain how the DNA is made, and the agriculture paragraph gave good information on which kinds of crops are genetically engineered, like corn, cotton, and soy. It also talked about sweet potatoes, golden rice, and different kinds of modified beans. This was a good site for non-biased information of GMOs. It provided straight facts and statistics that did not learn towards one side or the other.
Callis, Tom. "Papaya: A GMO Success Story." Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Stephens Media LLC, 10 June 2013. Web. 05 May 2014.
This article is from the Hawaii Tribune-Herald. It is about a man named Dennis Gonsalves who is the scientist recognized for creating Rainbow Papaya, which is genetically modified papaya that fights off the ringspot virus that is responsible for wiping out a majority of papaya plantations in the 1990s. The author then provides quotes of workers who, without rainbow papaya, would not have a job. He then talks about how other countries, like Japan, are hesitant to buy genetically modified papaya.
Even though this article is biased towards the use of GMOs, it still provided useful information on what kinds of foods are genetically modified. However, it did only list benefits of the papaya, making it look like GMOs are only good, which we know is just an assumption since we do not know long term effects of GMOs.
"Chymosin." National Centre for Biotechnology Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.
This was a short little article about the use of GMOs and cheese. The article talks about the shortage of the enzymes needed to make cheese from milk. The enzyme is commonly found in veal calves, adult cows and pigs, and from different types of fungi. In 1988, chymosin was created and can be used as a replacement. Now, nearly 90% of hard cheese is made with the products of genetically modified enzymes.
I think this is a reliable source and provides good information on how GMOs are used to make cheese. However, the end of the article claims that the cheese is not made with GMOs, but with the products of GMOs. Either way, it still is made with genetically modified genes, so to claim that the cheese is not made with GMOs is not entirely true.
Dupont, Veronique. "GMO Corn, Soybeans Dominate US Market." Phys.org. Science X Network, 4 June 2013. Web. 05 May 2014.
To learn more about genetically modified crops, I used this article. The article starts by talking about how corn and soybeans can be modified crops, but wheat has not yet been approved. It then moves to statistics like how in 2012, 88% of corn was modified, and 94% of soy grown in the United States is also modified. Since these foods are genetically modified, 60-70% of foods derived from these crops are genetically modified as well. The article also talks about how countries in Europe have banned GMO crops, and how some companies, like Ben and Jerry’s have stopped using GMOs.
I think this article did a good job of giving the statistics of GMOs in crops, which is the information I used in my paper to explain what kinds of foods have GMOs. I left out the information of the those who opposed GMOs to ensure that the paper would not be in favor of one side or the other.
Ganzel, Bill. "The GMO Age Begins." Wessels Living History Farm. N.p., 2009 Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
The GMO Age Begins gave information on the history of GMOs. It goes back to the 1860s and the garden pea experiment by Gregor Mendel. The article then works its way up through DNA being identified as the carrier of molecular information and then in 1972 when genes could finally be split. These discoveries led to the creation of GMOs. After the scientific discoveries, the article started going into the history of the corporate side of GMOs and discussed companies, like Monsanto, who run the GMO business.
I mostly used this article just to get the historic information of the scientific side of GMOs. I left out the corporate side of GMOs because that is a different story in and of itself. I didn’t want to get away from the point of my paper, which was to simply provide a background that did not influence opinion, but would aid in creating an informed opinion.
"History of Genetically Modified Foods." Introductions to Global Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
This article also talks about the history of the use of GMOs and the business side of GMOs. It begins mentioning the DNA discoveries and the fact that they could be transferred. Next, the site talks about he first plant to have DNA transferred into it in 1983. The plant was a tobacco plant that was resistant to anti-biotics. Following tobacco was cotton and then the soybean. Then the article talks about where GMO crops are and the percentage of each crop. Corn accounts for 23% of GMO farming. Cottons accounts for 11% and canola is at 6%. The United States has the most GMO crops, but Argentina is coming up in second place.
This article gave a lot of good additional information about the history of GMOs as well as statistics of what is grown. I like that the end of the article talks about the controversy of GMOs, but does not pick a side, much like my paper, as well as the other papers written by my group members. The author talks about how there is not long-term research done to make any confirmations.
"Hidden Corn Based Ingredients." Gluten Free Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.
I used this article just because it listed corn-based products. It started with a list of things that definitely contained corn, like corn chips, syrup, tortillas, taco shells, etc. It then listed several food items that may contain corn, items that may be lined with corn products, like boxes and plates, and then foods that may be made with things like cornstarch, corn syrup and corn/vegetable oil.
This source did not have an author and did not seem to have much credulity, so I only used it to get a general idea of what products are made from corn. I only used information from the first list because it was the information that I trusted the most. Since it is run by a gluten free society, they understand that corn can be bad of people with gluten sensitivity, so they would want to have good information.
Ho, Mae-Wan. “FAQs on Genetic Engineering” Isis Tutorial. ISIS Publications, 2002. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
This site had a list of 8 GMO questions and answers, based on a scientific level. For this paper, I looked at question number 5, “How is a GMO Made?” It went into detail on what GMOs were based on a molecular scale and how the DNA was created and explained why it was different than other DNA. This website explained in detail that in order to from DNA, one must cut and combine two different sets of DNA and how the vector is used to transport the DNA into the cell.
I found this to be a useful site. The information was strictly about the science of GMOs and does not give biased information. While I did not use information from the other question categories, they all provided good information on topics that did not relate to my paper, yet would be a good read to further one’s understanding.
Karimi, Shireen. "GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically Modified Foods." GMO Inside. N.p., 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
This website had a timeline of important historic events for GMOs. It mentioned the DNA discoveries that led to the creation of GMOs, as well as the first paten issued, the first approved GMO, when GMOs were allowed to be sold in grocery stores, when the first GMO that was resistant to pests came out, a court case between a farm and a GMO company, and finally, the end of the GMO patent.
I used this website for the early history of GMOs, before it got controversial towards the end of the timeline. The website is incredibly biased and against GMOs, but when it comes to historic fact, there is not really much of a way to make that biased, so I found it credible to use for my paper.
Kreipe, Marie. Genetically Modified Food: Trade Regulation in View of Environmental Policy Objectives. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag, 2010. UW-Eau Claire. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Of this 92 page book, I used pages 3-6. On page 3, the author gives characterists of genetically modified food. She talks about how the DNA is altered and modified to express certain traits such as increased agricultural activity, increased resistance to diseases and pests, and improved quality and nutrition and food processing characteristics. The author then states that GMO crops have been steadily increasing, and as of 2007, 7% of farmland was used for these crops. The United States is currently number one in farming the most GMOs in the Americas. India is the leader in Asia, and South Africa is the leader in Africa. More than 80% of GMO production happens in the United States, Argentina, and Brazil.
Even though this book is a bit dated, I think it still provided useful information. The book mainly focuses on trade regulations, but she gave good information on the background of GMOs and provided statistical research that was unbiased.
"World Food Prize Goes to Scientists Who Invented GMO Crops." Underground Health. N.p., 19 June 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
I found an article that gave information about the three scientists who are responsible for inventing GMOs. They were awarded the World Food Prize, which came as a bit of a shock due to the controversy surrounding their invention. Marc Van Montagu and Mary-Dell Chilton worked independently to be the first to transfer different genes into plants. Robert Farley was the first to make plants immune to specific bacteria. This led the way to genetic engineering.
This website gave good background on the people responsible for creating GMOs. However, when the scientists start giving their personal testimonies, they state the GMOs are entirely safe, even safer than regularly planted crops and that no risks have been identified. As stated before, there have not been studies done to make their points valid, so saying that GMOs are completely harmless lacks research to make it a truthful statement.
Ruhs, Barbara. "Update: GMOs in Foods." Environment Nutrition 36.2 (2013): 1-6. Ebscohost. Web. 4 May 2014.
This document talks about common questions regarding GMOs. Such questions include: Which foods contain GMOs, What are the benefits of GMOs, and What are the risks to the environment? The blurb on foods with GMOs talks about corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, and sugar beets. The benefits list discusses the benefits of being able to manipulate DNA to make plants immune to diseases and sprays. Regarding the environment, the article says that eventually, new, stronger weeds will form and harsher chemicals will be needed to kill them.
I only used one page of this six page document. I used the information about the foods in GMOs since my paper was not about the controversial side. This is a scholarly article that did not say whether GMOs were good or bad, so I found it to be a credible source.
Schneider, Keith R., and Renee Goodrich-Schneider. "Genetically Modified Food." EDIS. EDIS New Publications RSS, Nov. 2009. Web. 05 May 2014.
This source provides a general overview of GMOs. It starts by explaining what a genetically modified food is. It then moves on to different types of genetically modified foods. The next few paragraphs discuss how these foods could hep consumers, but then talks about health concerns such as allergies. Next, the article gives examples of modified foods sold in stores, like The Flavr Savr Tomato and BT Corn. The website conclude with FDA food safely and the fact that there is no much regulation of these kinds of foods.
This is another scholarly article that gave a good explantation of what GMOs are and how they are used. The author do a good job of keeping their opinions on GMOs out of the paper and just present research and facts that are general. I used this article just for the information on what a GMO was and the types of foods that are genetically modified.
Benson, Norm. "Golden Rice, Golden Opportunity." Science 2.0. ION Publications LLC, 3 May 2014. Web. 05 May 2014.
This article is about one man’s personal experience with a child who could not afford to eat more than rice and get the nutrients needed. The author then goes on to explain the condition of a lack of vitamin A and how it can eventually lead to blindness. He then talks about a way for these people to get their vitamin A intake, and that way is through something called Golden Rice. This rice is genetically engineered so that one bowl of this rice will provide 60% of ones needed vitamin A intake.
This was a very interesting article to read. It is biased towards the support of GMOs, but that does not mean that the information is untrue because the modified rice is helping people fight a vitamin A deficiency. The thing is, we do not know if there are any harmful side affects to the modified rice.
Diaz, Julia M. And., Judith L. Fridovich-Kiel. "Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
This source is simply an encyclopedia entry on GMOs. It provided information on what a GMO was, how they are produced, how they are used in agriculture, how they are used in medicine and research, their role in environmental management, and concludes with a paragraph on the politics of GMOs in society, like their benefits and the controversy behind them.
For my paper, I just used the sections that explained what a GMO was and how they are used in agriculture. The first explained that a GMO was an organism altered in a lab and went on to explain how the DNA is made, and the agriculture paragraph gave good information on which kinds of crops are genetically engineered, like corn, cotton, and soy. It also talked about sweet potatoes, golden rice, and different kinds of modified beans. This was a good site for non-biased information of GMOs. It provided straight facts and statistics that did not learn towards one side or the other.
Callis, Tom. "Papaya: A GMO Success Story." Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Stephens Media LLC, 10 June 2013. Web. 05 May 2014.
This article is from the Hawaii Tribune-Herald. It is about a man named Dennis Gonsalves who is the scientist recognized for creating Rainbow Papaya, which is genetically modified papaya that fights off the ringspot virus that is responsible for wiping out a majority of papaya plantations in the 1990s. The author then provides quotes of workers who, without rainbow papaya, would not have a job. He then talks about how other countries, like Japan, are hesitant to buy genetically modified papaya.
Even though this article is biased towards the use of GMOs, it still provided useful information on what kinds of foods are genetically modified. However, it did only list benefits of the papaya, making it look like GMOs are only good, which we know is just an assumption since we do not know long term effects of GMOs.
"Chymosin." National Centre for Biotechnology Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.
This was a short little article about the use of GMOs and cheese. The article talks about the shortage of the enzymes needed to make cheese from milk. The enzyme is commonly found in veal calves, adult cows and pigs, and from different types of fungi. In 1988, chymosin was created and can be used as a replacement. Now, nearly 90% of hard cheese is made with the products of genetically modified enzymes.
I think this is a reliable source and provides good information on how GMOs are used to make cheese. However, the end of the article claims that the cheese is not made with GMOs, but with the products of GMOs. Either way, it still is made with genetically modified genes, so to claim that the cheese is not made with GMOs is not entirely true.
Dupont, Veronique. "GMO Corn, Soybeans Dominate US Market." Phys.org. Science X Network, 4 June 2013. Web. 05 May 2014.
To learn more about genetically modified crops, I used this article. The article starts by talking about how corn and soybeans can be modified crops, but wheat has not yet been approved. It then moves to statistics like how in 2012, 88% of corn was modified, and 94% of soy grown in the United States is also modified. Since these foods are genetically modified, 60-70% of foods derived from these crops are genetically modified as well. The article also talks about how countries in Europe have banned GMO crops, and how some companies, like Ben and Jerry’s have stopped using GMOs.
I think this article did a good job of giving the statistics of GMOs in crops, which is the information I used in my paper to explain what kinds of foods have GMOs. I left out the information of the those who opposed GMOs to ensure that the paper would not be in favor of one side or the other.
Ganzel, Bill. "The GMO Age Begins." Wessels Living History Farm. N.p., 2009 Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
The GMO Age Begins gave information on the history of GMOs. It goes back to the 1860s and the garden pea experiment by Gregor Mendel. The article then works its way up through DNA being identified as the carrier of molecular information and then in 1972 when genes could finally be split. These discoveries led to the creation of GMOs. After the scientific discoveries, the article started going into the history of the corporate side of GMOs and discussed companies, like Monsanto, who run the GMO business.
I mostly used this article just to get the historic information of the scientific side of GMOs. I left out the corporate side of GMOs because that is a different story in and of itself. I didn’t want to get away from the point of my paper, which was to simply provide a background that did not influence opinion, but would aid in creating an informed opinion.
"History of Genetically Modified Foods." Introductions to Global Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
This article also talks about the history of the use of GMOs and the business side of GMOs. It begins mentioning the DNA discoveries and the fact that they could be transferred. Next, the site talks about he first plant to have DNA transferred into it in 1983. The plant was a tobacco plant that was resistant to anti-biotics. Following tobacco was cotton and then the soybean. Then the article talks about where GMO crops are and the percentage of each crop. Corn accounts for 23% of GMO farming. Cottons accounts for 11% and canola is at 6%. The United States has the most GMO crops, but Argentina is coming up in second place.
This article gave a lot of good additional information about the history of GMOs as well as statistics of what is grown. I like that the end of the article talks about the controversy of GMOs, but does not pick a side, much like my paper, as well as the other papers written by my group members. The author talks about how there is not long-term research done to make any confirmations.
"Hidden Corn Based Ingredients." Gluten Free Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014.
I used this article just because it listed corn-based products. It started with a list of things that definitely contained corn, like corn chips, syrup, tortillas, taco shells, etc. It then listed several food items that may contain corn, items that may be lined with corn products, like boxes and plates, and then foods that may be made with things like cornstarch, corn syrup and corn/vegetable oil.
This source did not have an author and did not seem to have much credulity, so I only used it to get a general idea of what products are made from corn. I only used information from the first list because it was the information that I trusted the most. Since it is run by a gluten free society, they understand that corn can be bad of people with gluten sensitivity, so they would want to have good information.
Ho, Mae-Wan. “FAQs on Genetic Engineering” Isis Tutorial. ISIS Publications, 2002. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
This site had a list of 8 GMO questions and answers, based on a scientific level. For this paper, I looked at question number 5, “How is a GMO Made?” It went into detail on what GMOs were based on a molecular scale and how the DNA was created and explained why it was different than other DNA. This website explained in detail that in order to from DNA, one must cut and combine two different sets of DNA and how the vector is used to transport the DNA into the cell.
I found this to be a useful site. The information was strictly about the science of GMOs and does not give biased information. While I did not use information from the other question categories, they all provided good information on topics that did not relate to my paper, yet would be a good read to further one’s understanding.
Karimi, Shireen. "GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically Modified Foods." GMO Inside. N.p., 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
This website had a timeline of important historic events for GMOs. It mentioned the DNA discoveries that led to the creation of GMOs, as well as the first paten issued, the first approved GMO, when GMOs were allowed to be sold in grocery stores, when the first GMO that was resistant to pests came out, a court case between a farm and a GMO company, and finally, the end of the GMO patent.
I used this website for the early history of GMOs, before it got controversial towards the end of the timeline. The website is incredibly biased and against GMOs, but when it comes to historic fact, there is not really much of a way to make that biased, so I found it credible to use for my paper.
Kreipe, Marie. Genetically Modified Food: Trade Regulation in View of Environmental Policy Objectives. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag, 2010. UW-Eau Claire. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Of this 92 page book, I used pages 3-6. On page 3, the author gives characterists of genetically modified food. She talks about how the DNA is altered and modified to express certain traits such as increased agricultural activity, increased resistance to diseases and pests, and improved quality and nutrition and food processing characteristics. The author then states that GMO crops have been steadily increasing, and as of 2007, 7% of farmland was used for these crops. The United States is currently number one in farming the most GMOs in the Americas. India is the leader in Asia, and South Africa is the leader in Africa. More than 80% of GMO production happens in the United States, Argentina, and Brazil.
Even though this book is a bit dated, I think it still provided useful information. The book mainly focuses on trade regulations, but she gave good information on the background of GMOs and provided statistical research that was unbiased.
"World Food Prize Goes to Scientists Who Invented GMO Crops." Underground Health. N.p., 19 June 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
I found an article that gave information about the three scientists who are responsible for inventing GMOs. They were awarded the World Food Prize, which came as a bit of a shock due to the controversy surrounding their invention. Marc Van Montagu and Mary-Dell Chilton worked independently to be the first to transfer different genes into plants. Robert Farley was the first to make plants immune to specific bacteria. This led the way to genetic engineering.
This website gave good background on the people responsible for creating GMOs. However, when the scientists start giving their personal testimonies, they state the GMOs are entirely safe, even safer than regularly planted crops and that no risks have been identified. As stated before, there have not been studies done to make their points valid, so saying that GMOs are completely harmless lacks research to make it a truthful statement.
Ruhs, Barbara. "Update: GMOs in Foods." Environment Nutrition 36.2 (2013): 1-6. Ebscohost. Web. 4 May 2014.
This document talks about common questions regarding GMOs. Such questions include: Which foods contain GMOs, What are the benefits of GMOs, and What are the risks to the environment? The blurb on foods with GMOs talks about corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, and sugar beets. The benefits list discusses the benefits of being able to manipulate DNA to make plants immune to diseases and sprays. Regarding the environment, the article says that eventually, new, stronger weeds will form and harsher chemicals will be needed to kill them.
I only used one page of this six page document. I used the information about the foods in GMOs since my paper was not about the controversial side. This is a scholarly article that did not say whether GMOs were good or bad, so I found it to be a credible source.
Schneider, Keith R., and Renee Goodrich-Schneider. "Genetically Modified Food." EDIS. EDIS New Publications RSS, Nov. 2009. Web. 05 May 2014.
This source provides a general overview of GMOs. It starts by explaining what a genetically modified food is. It then moves on to different types of genetically modified foods. The next few paragraphs discuss how these foods could hep consumers, but then talks about health concerns such as allergies. Next, the article gives examples of modified foods sold in stores, like The Flavr Savr Tomato and BT Corn. The website conclude with FDA food safely and the fact that there is no much regulation of these kinds of foods.
This is another scholarly article that gave a good explantation of what GMOs are and how they are used. The author do a good job of keeping their opinions on GMOs out of the paper and just present research and facts that are general. I used this article just for the information on what a GMO was and the types of foods that are genetically modified.